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The 2019 Nobel Nobel prize for medicine: how oxygen affects cells
from Economist
This year’s winners helped explain oxygen-sensitive processes and their effect on cancers, heart attacks and strokes
THOSE WHO pick the winners of Nobel science prizes do sometimes plump for big and obvious names. Often, though, they seem to take great joy in shining the spotlight of fame onto researchers little known outside their own fields, let alone to the general public. This year’s prize in physiology or medicine is a classic of the genre. The laureates, William Kaelin, Sir Peter Ratcliffe and Gregg Semenza, have each contributed to a discovery that, though crucial to understanding how human bodies work, is almost invisible to the wider world. This discovery is how cells detect and adjust to the level of oxygen available to fuel their activities.
Such biochemical arrangements almost always rely on feedback loops—and the crucial molecule in the loop that matches cell physiology to oxygen availability is a protein complex called hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). HIF was discovered and named by Dr Semenza, who works at Johns Hopkins University, in Baltimore. In the 1990s Dr Semenza was studying erythropoiesis, the process that generates red blood corpuscles. These are the cells that carry oxygen in the bloodstream, and their number depends on how much oxygen there is around. Professional athletes, for example, often train at high altitude, where the thin air means oxygen is scarce, in order to grow extra red blood cells that will assist their respiration when they compete nearer to sea level.

1.1.2 展示空间与展示功能建筑
建筑是空间的主要载体，不同形状与组合的建筑创造了满足人们不同功能需要的空间。展示功能建筑为展品、展台提供了适当的场所，其内部也就构成了展示空间。由于观看展览是一种时间性很强的行为，每个展览都让人们花费有限时间去观看，人们在展示空间中的观看行为多为运动状态，这也就使得展示空间多为开敞或者半开敞的流动性空间设计。观众在展示空间中有明显的方向感，而空间与空间之间的连接也更加的流畅。

流動性設計